Evaluating the non-survival of best technologies in the long-term Essay Example for Free

Evaluating the non-survival of best technologies in the long-term Essay Abstract The essay under consideration analyzes the factual statement that best technologies do not survive in the long term. The statement has been considered under real life incidences, scenarios, and personal experiences, by virtue of which, several conclusions have been obtained and justified through relevant logic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Technology, for the purpose of this paper, has been restricted to the IT only; however, there are other implications and applications. There are several reasons for failure in long term survival of even the best technologies. Some of them are found to be of the highest probability of occurrence, others seem rather less risky.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, analyzing these is extremely important because technology research and development, and implementation require major cash outflows that need to be controlled and planned well in order to avoid struggle for survival. It is also worth mentioning that in majority of the circumstances, latest technologies are implemented without prior research of their impact. Avoidance to this can also make things much easier. Introduction As the facts state, and are known to all, that not more than 10% infact even lesser projects are successful across the IT industry due to several reasons [1]. Similarly, technologies that are really tremendous also do not survive in the long run. Technology may have several definitions, however, the easiest to comprehend definition is: Technology can be defined as the applied part of research and development. Elaborating on the above-mentioned definition, any organization may conduct RD activities but just the part of it that is applied is converted into technology [2]. Technology is generally associated to IT and pertinent topics only; however, technology applies to enhancements and advancements of any entity. Despite this, the scope of this paper restricts the view of technology to IT hardware and software, and pertinent entities/issues only. There are several issues and causes that pertain to the long term success of a technology. Relevance Study of this non-survival is not just important, but is critical to know and analyze. The prime reasons being that it is only its study and exploration that possibly may lead to non-repetition of such issues in the future [7]. However, the past shows history otherwise i.e. repetition of these issues has been witnessed in several failure cases. Also a point where this study gains extreme criticality is the fact that research and development costs and involves huge some of money that needs to be compensated (pay-back) once the technology is commercialized. If it, however, fails to deliver and sustain, survive in the long term, all efforts of RD simply go to waste [3]. Analysis of Issues For deeper analyses, it is most important to define the exact meaning of the topic. Survival in the long run implies that as a technology grows in its PLC (Product Life Cycle), it should have added customer base. When it is being said that best technologies do not survive in the long run, this statement implies that even the best of technologies are unable to sustain their competency in the long run, thus losing out the customer base. Or in other words, the possibility and cases that lead to a decline, referring to the query that why are technologies not able to survive for a longer term of life [16], [4]. Therefore, hypothetically, if the technology losses its clients due to some issues pertinent to the technology itself, the technology may be pronounced as a failure or non-survivor during the long term [17]. For further analyses of the issues that lead to the non-survival of some great technologies, the initial step should be their identification and then exploration. Following are the major issues pertinent to this: Extra-ordinary Expectations It can also be called as the inability of technologies to deliver what is actually expected from them. This can be a dual-sided problem. On one side, it is possible that during the phase of research and development, many technologies are elaborated and exposed to media and other stakeholders as the ultimate benchmarks beyond which no further development may take place. In such a scenario, technologies are bound to perform much below the ‘speculation-built’ expectation of the target audience. The other side is the fact that the technology may be elaborated upon parity to what it actually is, however, it may truly be below par. Thus gradually, those who adapted that technology, move towards a substitute or the previously run satisfying technology, as the case may be, in the long run; this is a trend that leads to the new technology not surviving in the long run [5]. Timing of Updates Updates are another wide issue why technologies may fail. Updates can be identified as patches or additional utilities that enhance the working of a technology. As the world is highly dynamic, technology keeps advancing, thus requiring timely updating of technology. In this regard, there are two prime concerns why a technology may fail [8]: Mistimed Updates The updates may not be timed as appropriately as required. For example, a software vendor may provide an anti-virus update of their software 6 months after that virus has started its destruction. Such updates are mistimed updates that do not satisfy the customers and may cause a technology failure. Irregular Updates A similar concept is of irregular updates. For example, a software vendor may actually provide updates with the first one in first month and then on randomly after any variable interval of time. This again is a hassle for the customer to actually update the technology as per a random walk. The issue might be as critical as it may not sound, and may actually cause the customers to walk away from such technologies causing them to fail. The implementation of a modern technology, which is definite to be costly, leads to the customer expectation of after sales services including regular updates and renewal versions are the primary expectation that a customer may hold. Failure to deliver these may cause the customers to shift to alternatives, causing a decline in the usability of technology. This decline denies the chances of survival in the long term. Costly Maintenance The technology may effectively be the best and most advance; however, its maintenance cost may be on the similar height due to lesser expertise in the advance technology, costly equipments, etc. The lesser expertise may increase the dependency on a single vendor, pushing him into premium charging from the customers, and as a result, customers might want to shift to an alternative or to the previously held technology, that again leads to survival issues for new technologies in the long run [11]. Compatibility Issues In the long run, organizations need to interact with their value/supply chain and thus requiring compatibility among the systems of the two organizations i.e. the technology each has implemented respectively. Failing to endure compatibility may lead to an eventual failure of the technology; primarily because organizations are most definite not to prefer technology that is incompatible with others, unless the organization stands tall in a commanding position in the value chain. Further Advancements in Technology Also referred to as Constructive-Destruction by some authors, technology may fail due to rapid development in the similar field enhancing the scope of accomplishments through enhancements, while these enhancements may fall beyond the scope of the previous technology, causing customers to shift to the latest technology for added services obtainable from the same. Thus, technological advancements may actually lead to the existing technologies not surviving for long. This can also be rephrased as the obsolesce factor [9]. Consider the example of type-writers; these were considered a tremendous technology of their time. However, the advent of computer (keyboard and printer) actually ruined the existing technology of type writers. Another example can be the shift from Infrared to Bluetooth technology in terms of wireless mediums. Alignment of Business Strategy Vs. IT Strategy At times a tremendous technology may just not survive due to absence of in-built/default best practices that may align the IT strategy to the business strategy. Generally, the best practices are indulged, particularly in case of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) tools, whereby organizations while implementing these technologies, tend to perform BPR (Business Process Re-engineering). This in-turn has an effect on the whole of the business strategy and of course; BPR at that stage assures the appropriate alignment of the two strategies. Failure to align suitably may not be depicted at once; however gradual illustration of the same would encourage firms to shift their IT solutions and vendors, causing the decline of users and thus, creating a survival struggle. Lack of Vendor Support The best of the best technologies may not survive for even a shorter spam of time if the vendor support is lacking or missing. Many individuals and corporate clients may, for instance, find Linux a better operating system than many others even including Windows. However, lack of support leads to the survival struggle. There are firms working on providing its support but the current market share of it vs. windows says the whole story [10]. Lack of Monitoring Control on the Implementation Due to lack of monitoring and controlling the implementation of a technology, things may seem alright as implemented for a short spam of time. However, in the long run, as soon as problems start to appear, the think-tanks may blame the actual technology. Again, the reduction in usage rate assures a decline and a struggle for survival in the long run. Lack of Creativity Innovation Technological development is no short term or ‘once-done’ sort of a task. For staying in business, a technology related firm must assure constant creativity and innovation in the technology launched in the first go. Creativity, innovation, and basically something new; if these factors missing from the approach, mission, and vision of a technology provider organization, in that case it is certain that the organization itself may not survive in the long run, let alone the technology it is developing. Life Expectancy Expected useful life of technologies has decline tremendously over the past decade. With new technology developed almost all the time anywhere in the world, the product life cycle has reduced x-axis value. In such a scenario, even the best of the best technologies struggle to survive in the long run. This primarily pertains to the competition that has developed so drastically that no technological advancement actually remains advancement over a period of time. In such a scenario, firms should come up with new research and development that could actually be deployed in technology useful for an organization in developing its competency [6]. Technology Migration Strategies A technology should be adaptive in nature, and should be able to comprehend migration strategies across different technologies. Migration here may also imply the development of compatibility with other technology. This becomes more crucial when technological platform has to be changed or back ups need to be regenerated. A weak technology in this regard is most definite to create a non-survival scenario among existing technologies [12]. Conclusion Understanding the root causes of failure is the first step towards its elimination [18], [19]. Technology is useless without application. It can be viewed from the above argument that technology that has the above-mentioned loopholes, may not survive in the long run. A simplest and most routine example that can be considered is the WINDOWS vs. DOS operating systems. Most of the above mentioned problems, if not all, were presence in the DOS systems and absent from the WINDOWS platform, and the stories of survival and accomplishments are known to all [13]. To conclude, it can actually not be said with extreme confidence that best technologies do not survive in the long-run at all. In the long-run, there are further advancements that lead to the non-survival of previous technologies [14]. However, there are some technologies that are still existent in the world from the past and are expected remain so. One of the prime examples of the same is a wheel. Wheel probably is man’s finest creation, and possibly the advent of technology in human age [15]. Despite of prospering a lot today, wheel exists in this world today even in its basic form, let alone the advance version. But yes, mostly technologies do not survive in the long run because they are substituted through their or a substitute advance versions [20]. References James A. O’Brien (1999) Management Information Systems: Managing Information technology in the Internetworked Enterprise, 4th Edition Adas, Michael (1989). Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2303-1. Monsma, Stephen V., et al. (1986). Responsible Technology: A Christian Perspective. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0175-7. Noble, David F. (1984). Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-51262-6. Roussel, Philip A.; Kamal N. Saad, and Tamara J. Erickson (1991). Third Generation R D: Managing the Link to Corporate Strategy. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 0-87584-252-6. Davis, Aquilano Chase (2003) Fundamentals of Operations Management, 4th Edition Applegate, Austin McFarlan (2003) Corporate Information Strategy Management, 6th Edition R. Ray Gehani (2003) Management of Technology Operations Rory Burke (2000) Project Management: Planning Control Techniques, 3rd Edition Camp, J. (2000), Trust and Risk in Internet Commerce, MIT Press, Cambridge MA Goodhart, C and M Krueger (2001) The impact of technology on cash usage, London School of Economics Financial Markets Group Discussion paper no 374, April. NARA/Long-Term Usability of Optical Media [Internet]. Available from: http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/electronic-records/electronic-storage-media/critiss.html [Accessed 9 April 2007] How Failure Breeds Success [Internet]. Available from: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_28/b3992001.htm [Accessed 9 April 2007] Technology and Educational Revolution: Ending the Cycle of Failure [Internet]. Available from: http://www.tltgroup.org/resources/V_Cycle_of_Failure.html [Accessed 9 April 2007] Technology Failure Analysis: Understanding Why A Diabetes Management Tool Developed for A Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) Didn’t Work in a Randomized Control Trial [Internet]. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1480274 [Accessed 9 April 2007] Failure Causes [Internet]. Available from: http://www.it-cortex.com/Stat_Failure_Cause.htm [Accessed 9 April 2007] Failure Analysis and Root Causes Determinations for the Legal Profession webinar March 27th [Internet]. Available from: http://www.storksmt.com/page.html?id=12753 [Accessed 9 April 2007] To Avoid Failure You Must First Understand Failure [Internet]. Available from: http://www.tfdg.com/index.cfm?page=45 [Accessed 9 April 2007] When Technology Fails: They Key to Dealing with Technology Failure is to Prepare for it [Internet]. Available from: http://globeandmail.workopolis.com/servlet/Content/rprinter/20020703/cpsa-techfail [Accessed 9 April 2007] The Daily (2004), Electronic Commerce and Technology, 16 April [Internet]. Available from: http://www.statcan.ca/daily [Accessed 9 April 2007]

Analysis Of Ramayana And Odysseus

Analysis Of Ramayana And Odysseus Ramayana and Odysseus are epic literatures (poems) from India and Greece respectively. Odysseus mainly deals with the Greek hero Odysseus and explores his encounters as he returns home after the Trojan War, where he was assumed to have died. Due to his long absence, his wife back home was being persuaded by different suitors to marry them as her husband was believed dead. Regardless of his sons efforts to throw his mothers suitors away, he is unable because of his tender age and inexperience in war. Odysseus delay was caused by being held hostage at Calypsos Island, destruction of his ship, and the princess of this island who is in love with him (Homer 23). This story recounts his experiences at the Calypso Island, the trouble he undergoes when trying to return home, his welcome at home of the Phaeanicians where he revealed his identity after his sheep was destroyed and he was forced to swim to the shore. After telling of his story, he is helped to go back home; Ithaca disguised as a beggar where he finds he kills all his wifes suitors. The story ends after he has reunited with his family and settled which ends his long ordeal. Ramayana on the other hand is an Indian epic highly regarded for its spiritual depth, psychological insight, full of practical wisdom and just a wonderful tale. This epic is about the story of Rama, whose wife is snatched by a demon king (Narayan 5). This epic has much influence to the Indian culture, their life and extensively explores human experiences, existence and the perception of dharma. One of the most important topics it explores is the duty of relationship, for example the perfect wife, the perfect brother, king and the ideal servant. Divided into several books, this epic describes the life of Rama from childhood, his marriage to Sita, his coronation and the subsequent exile into the forests, the life he spend at those forests, how his wife was kidnapped by the king of Ravana, up to his final departure from the world. These books have a remarkable resemblance both in content and context. They also contrast sharply in some aspects. For example, both of these poems are epic. Based on famous and brave characters, these poems occur in different sections or books. Odysseus is written and translated from book 1 up to book twenty four. The same case applies to Ramayana which is written in different Kandas describing the life of Rama. These are named as Ayodhya Kanda, Bala Kanda, Aranya kanda, Sundara Kanda, Kishkinda Kanda, Uttara Kanda and Yuddha Kanda. Al these books describe different aspects of Ramas life which explain the bravery of Rama. Both books are also based on the lives of heroes. Odysseus was a hero in Greek history who fought the Trojan War and embarked on his journey after the fall of Troy. Ramayana is also based on the heroic life of Rama who escaped to the forests, survived there for extended period of time and fought the Ravana army which had some super natural powers. Both heroes are s eparated from their wives by inevitable circumstances like Odysseus who is separated his wife by war while Ramas wife is kidnapped (Narayan 10). At the end of both poems, they are re united to their spouses, and live happily after. Another similarity between these poems is the existence of supernatural powers. The Ramayana explains about Ravana, the demon king who kidnapped Ramas wife. In Odyssey, the witch goddess Circe also had some supernatural powers. She was able to turn Odysseus men into swine by feeding them on wine and cheese (Homer 34). Odysseus was only able to escape this wrath because of a type of medicine he had used called moly. It took this goddess to fall in love with Odysseus, to release his men, who remained in the island for over a year. Both heroes were also faced with difficulties and wars in their existence. Odysseus fought with the suitors who wanted to take his wife while Rama fought with kidnappers of his wife. It is also important to point out that both heroes believed in existence of spirits and constantly sought guidance from them. These two poems also depict women as ideal temptresses and wives. Regardless of goddess circe seduction, and turning men into pigs, we understand that, Odysseus wife Penelope remained obedient and royal to her husband. Odyssey tells us that, there were so many suitors who remained at her home trying to convince her to marry them, she remained optimistic of her husbands return which eventually happened. The same case is seen with Sita, Ramas wife who chooses to remain at her husbands side regardless of Soorpanaka, who was known for stealing other womens spouses and sleeping with them, constant tries. Soorpanaka had seen Rama on the course of her wonderings and had sworn to seduce him with all what she had (Narayan 7). These books show a few contrasts like the destiny of both heroes. Odysseus settles down with his wife while Rama departures this world.

Stem Cells: What How and Why? Essay -- essays research papers

Stem Cells: What, How and Why? Stem cells are infinitely valuable when considering their potential applications in the medical profession. While current legislative restrictions have halted the development of new ?stem cell lines? to any agency or company that receives any form of governmental grants, there is no question that the medical profession is standing at the brink of a new era of technological advancements in healthcare and research. Stem cells are valuable due to the fact that they are ?non-designated,? (have no specifically assigned task in the body, i.e. liver cells, brain cells, skin cells, etc.) and they also have the ability to divide indefinitely. Thus, theoretically stem cells could replace any damaged or lost specifically designated cells within the body. However, this is just a brief mention of the potential applications of stem cell research, which will be discussed at a later point in this essay. Stem cells are categorized into three genres based upon their potential developmental capability, total to limited. (NIH PRIMER http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm) Totipotent stem cells are stem cells whose potential is total, thus totipotent. Totipotent stem cells are derived from embryonic tissue and fertilized ovarian eggs. This type of stem cell is of particular importance to researchers due to its ability to ?specialize into extraembryonic membranes and tissues, the embryo, and all postembryonic tissues and organs? (NIH Primer). However these type of cells are extremely difficult to come by and only occur in certain places at certain developmental times. Pluripotent stem cells are stem cells in which their potential is large but not total as in Totipotent stem cells. These cells lead to the development of many cells, but cannot derive certain types of fetal cells necessary for the development of a fetus as do Totipotent stem cells. These cells undergo further assigment into cells that are designed to derive specifically assigned cells. Pluripotent stem cells are somewhat easier to come by comparatively speaking to totipotent stem cells. The final genre of stem cells is that of multipotent stem cells. These cells are more specialized than the other two categories and thus are more restricted in their capability. Multipotent stem cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells. While pluripotent stem cells are least in their po... ...if a republican president is elected following Bush. Some might say these restrictions are necessary as technology and knowledge expand. However, by allowing the government to limit was scientist can and can?t do; we?re only doing one thing. Making the most brilliant minds our country has to offer leave. It seems as though America is one of the last overly conservative strongholds left in the modern world. If we allow our government to restrict what scientist can research in the United States, the scientist will simply move somewhere where the research isn?t illegal. I regard science as a passion. I can say with absolute certainty it is not my passion, however to many who make it their career choice, it is. I offer you this example. My passion is writing, if the government made it illegal to write about what I desired, I would do whatever necessary to allow myself to follow my passion. Moving across that big pond we call the Pacific Ocean would be a small price to pay to follow my passion and practice it freely. It should be noted that by restricting research of nearly any kind (yes I do have some morals) would simply result in the loss of America?s greatest thinkers.

Flawless Use of Parallelism in Shakespeares King Lear :: King Lear essays

Flawless Use of Parallelism in King Lear      Ã‚   Many twists and turns characterize the television soap operas of today. Subplots are a distinctive trait of these daylight dramas, for they keep audience on the edge of their seats. Subplots keep the material fresh and the audience wanting more. Shakespeare uses secondary plots as a literary device to greatly dramatize the action of the play and to spark a contrast to his underlying themes in King Lear. The secondary plots can incalculably improve the effect of dramatic irony and suspense. The effective usage of subplots in King Lear, as a form of parallelism, exhibits analogous traits of prominent characters. Using such literary device permits the audience to understand the emotions of the essential characters in the play. The magnificent similarity of different plots and characters can illustrate Shakespeare's perfect use of parallelism in King Lear.    Parallelism is greatly enhanced by the use of subplots, for it creates emphasis and suspense. The parallel between Lear and Gloucester displayed in the play cannot possibly be accidental. The subplot of Gloucester corresponds the major plot of Lear. The two fathers have their own loyal legitimate child, and their own evil and disloyal kin. Gloucester and Lear are both honorable men, who have children that return to them in their time of need, and are sightless to the truth. Like Lear, Gloucester is tormented, and his favored child recovers his life; he is tended and healed by the child whom he has wronged. Their sufferings are traceable to their extreme folly and injustice, and to a selfish pursuit of their pleasure. In the early beginning of King Lear, Cordelia says that her love for her father is the love between father and daughter, no more, no less.    "Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave My heart into my mouth: I love your majesty According to my bond; nor more nor less." (Shakespeare.I.i.93-95)    In response, Lear flies into a rage, disowns Cordelia, and divides her share of the kingdom between her two unworthy sisters. Such folly and injustice is encountered by Gloucester in the secondary plot.    "O villain, villain! His very opinion in the letter. Abhorred villain, unnatural, detested, brut- ish villain; worse than brutish! Go, sirrah, seek him. I'll apprehend him. Abominable villain! Where is he?" (I.ii.80-84)

Formal Commentary On One Hundred Years Of Solitude :: essays research papers

Formal Commentary How does Garcia Mà ¡rquez use imagery to create the dramatic situation of Prudencio’s Death?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The image of conflict which Garcia Mà ¡rquez draws, is only a beginning to an endless struggle in the Buendà ­a family. Garcia Mà ¡rquez creates this passage, not only as a Genesis, but as a way to warn the reader of the fate of the Buendà ­a name. After finishing this passage, I was left not with a feeling of closure, but with a feeling of lingering doubt and wonder. Josà © Arcadio Buendà ­a seeks closure himself because of rumors of being impotent. This rumor starts because of the Buendà ­a curse, the pig’s tail. I realized this was only the first of many following conflicts, when Josà © Arcadio Buendà ­a attempts to resolve the situation by killing Prudencio Aguilar. But Prudencio doesn’t die. He lives on, and haunts Josà © Arcadio Buendà ­a until he is forced to leave for Macondo. Garcia Mà ¡rquez creates a Genesis in the novel by the murder of Prudencio Aguilar. This important passage in the beginning of the book brings about its point through excellent uses of diction and word choice. Words like â€Å"tormented† and â€Å"desolation† paint a vivid picture in my mind. The vast majority of adjectives and adverbs lack happiness and overflow with conflict. â€Å"Livid†, â€Å"sad†, â€Å"anxiety†, are only three of these descriptive words, which Garcia Marquez uses to paint this small image in my mind. Anxiety, to me is not only a pain but an endless pain. Suffering which lasts indefinitely. This new indefinite pain brought into the Buendà ­a family by this passage, like anxiety, continues. The dramatic situation in this passage brings about a continual plague of death and conflict.

Linguistic Changes of an Individual in Migration Essay

Introduction and Overview of Topic: As the world becomes increasingly globalised, we observe a rising trend where individuals migrate for educational and economic opportunities. The prestige of being educated in a highly ranked university and the prospects of higher paying jobs are definitely important pull factors for both internal and international migration (Welch, 1970). When people move, they also transfer the use of their existing linguistic repertoire to their host country. However, what might have been effective at home might be interpreted differently when placed in different socioeconomic contexts. Hence, the relative value of linguistic repertoire one possesses and how mobile are one’s language skills in the world determines how a migrant interacts with a new community. Consequently, this paper seeks to provide insight on how the relative value of linguistic resources affects one’s mobility and decisions in community interactions. Drawing on Blommaert’s study on the sociolinguistics of globalisation, this discussion will focus on how an individual’s linguistic repertoire is being used to one’s advantage within the community. It also highlights the changes which occur when one attempts to transfer the same linguistic repertoire as the shift to a place of varying cultural and linguistic ability. As Blommaert suggests, â€Å"placed resources are resources that are functional in one particular place but can become dysfunctional as soon as they are moved to other places† (Blommaert, 2003). Essentially, this essay seeks to expound on the changes of one’s linguistic repertoire and how it affects one’s interactions with new communities resulting from migration. Linguistic repertoire refers to linguistic varieties acquired by an individual to different degrees of proficiency and for different uses (Crystal, 1990). The acquisition of linguistic repertoire thus extends not only to the procurement of different types of language codes like English and Hindi, but also the speech styles and genres within each language. In light of this definition, this paper chooses to trace how one’s use of language repertoire might change in the context of internal migration and  international migration. With this in mind, a migrant from India who experienced both types of migration was chosen. India boasts twenty-two official languages as per the Constitution of India, where English is determined as the secondary official language and is used as lingua franca throughout India. Within the context of this paper, the experiences of the migrant serve to provide personal insight on language mobility within the transmigrational arena. Research methodology and background of interviewee  With this in mind, a fifty minute interview was carried out on 16th October 2012 to gather substantial data in order to provide a comparison between internal and international migration. The sole participant is Joshua Cherian, aged 24 who is currently pursuing a postgraduate education in Singapore. He was born and raised in Kerala, Southern India, after which he moved to Jamshedpur, Northern India to pursue a tertiary education before working in New Delhi. He was taught English at a young age and learnt Hindi during university, while his mother tongue is Malayalam. During the interview, questions were asked ranging from the interviewee’s experiences of language acquisition and his experiences in India and Singapore to language policies in India. Utilising his personal insights on adapting to different communities and observing it through the concepts provided in Blommaert’s study, the relative value of linguistic repertoire consequently becomes more obvious not only from country to country but also within different areas of the community. Language repertoire in internal migration. Within India, it is said to have a de-facto three plus minus one language policy. Those who neither speak the language of the state nor the two official languages, English and Hindi, now have to grapple with learning four languages in order to pass the school systems and secure jobs within the modern sector (Laitin. D, 1989). Consequently, many people who migrate in the pursuit of education or jobs find it necessary to expand their language repertoire in order to compete for the chance of upward socioeconomic mobility within India. Joshua notes that: â€Å"There is a divide between the corporate world and industrial world, where managers and people in multinational companies speak in english, but those in manufacturing speak Hindi in work. In the north of India everyone speaks Hindi, so I had to learn Hindi. When I worked in Delhi, I spoke mostly Hindi in my workplace, because I am a manager of labourers and those who just passed tenth standard, they just need to make something so they don’t need English. People who do software need to interact with clients overseas, so it is important for them to speak English. † Due the demands of his job, Joshua was required to expand his language repertoire to include fluent Hindi in order to communicate with his subordinates effectively. Although English could have sufficed in interacting with white-collar professionals, learning Hindi would have enabled Joshua to ensure a smooth running of operations that he was in charge with. As such, it is observed that migrants tend to expand their language repertoire within internal migration according to which languages are most functional within their community. Furthermore, an expansion of linguistic repertoire also affects one’s interaction the community. As immigrants acquire proficiency in more languages, there is a tendency to broaden their participation in various communities within the area that they have settled in. This is especially evident in Joshua’s recount: â€Å"In India you would have to know many languages in order to fit into different communities. University students will use English because it is prestigious. It shows you are well educated. Outside of the education system, everyone speaks their own dialect or their own state language. I used to hang out with many friends when I was studying in Jamshedpur who came from all over India. I also managed to become my student governing body’s president, so speaking the many languages helped me reach out to a lot of people. † Even though migrants who migrate within their home country experience a new environment, there are common cultural familiarities that they can relate to by being in the same country. Naturally, this allows them to assimilate into the communities easily since they already share similar cultural and national identities. Rather, this pre-existing factor enables immigrants like Joshua to interact with different groups of people. Such a preference is also extremely beneficial to an individual within a new community as they are able to called upon a large network of acquaintances should they need help in the future. Hence, the broadening of one’s interaction with many communities would be positively correlated to the acquisition of language repertoire because both serve the same purpose of helping the migrant assimilate well into the new environment they are in. Language Repertoire in International Migration In contrast to internal migration, one’s use of language repertoire might decrease across different geographical spaces. It is noted that international migration denotes a shift to a foreign culture in which the values placed upon certain languages is different from one’s original country. As such, many migrants would utilise a language within their repertoire that is widely used in the world. Joshua relates his experience moving from India to Singapore: â€Å"When I first arrived in Singapore, everything was easy for me to get used to because I was already proficient in English. Even if I needed help, I could just approach anyone and they would reply me in English. I don’t even Hindi anymore because the friends and people I meet with speak only in English. Perhaps it is because there are so many races here so communication needs to be in a common language. Although I have friends from India here, they never speak in their mother tongue! Everyone would rather speak in English than Hindi! Despite Joshua’s extensive language repertoire, he only speaks in English in Singapore, thereby showing a decrease in language repertoire employed in daily life. In most cases of international migration, migrants often move from the ‘periphery’ to the ‘core’ of the world system. As one attempts to transfer one’s language repertoire from one country to another, the languages employed more frequently within the core global system would be more mobile compared to other languages. In particular, because Singapore is a multi-racial community, it requires English as a lingua franca in order to achieve cohesiveness and efficiency. Consequently, rather than expanding one’s linguistic repertoire to gain access to every community, a migrant in Singapore need only focus on speaking proficient English, which subsequently narrows his language repertoire within the host country. Parallel to one’s decrease in language repertoire, it is observed that migrants narrow their participation to a few communities that they are comfortable with. While migrants who migrate internally tend to broaden their participation in a wide array of communities, people who migrate internationally prefer to focus their efforts in interacting with a particular community where they feel most comfortable with. Joshua, expresses that: â€Å" I like to be in a place where I can interact with people well. When I came to Singapore, everybody spoke â€Å"Singlish†. It was especially hard for me to understand the jokes of my Singaporean friends. Thats why I wanted to be in a Christian group, so I went around to look for churches and even joined the varsity christian fellowship. Then I found a church cell group to be in and we could talk about common things, at least everyone there understands what I am going through when I talk about my struggles and life. I don’t meet with the Indian community much because everyone here speaks English anyway and I am more comfortable speaking in English, so when I talk about God and faith, I don’t get any puzzled looks when I am with church people†. For most immigrants, being in a foreign community could be unsettling because there exists stark differences in culture that they might not understand. In Joshua’s case, not being able to understand Singlish hindered his active participation in various communities, especially in understanding humour within the sociocultural context of Singaporean society. As such, by participating in communities with specific shared beliefs that the migrant can identify with, it could be easier for him to assimilate into a new environment. Communities with shared beliefs also tend to share a similar use of register in their daily speech. Drawing on Joshua’s case of finding a christian community, a christian setting could be more comfortable for him because he understands the semantics of words such as â€Å"communion† and â€Å"faith† used frequently in that community. Additionally, by narrowing one’s participation to few communities, individuals would have more time to spend more effort on forging closer relationships within a particular communities. This in turn could be more beneficial to the migrant as this niche area of society provides a source of emotional support for the migrant in order to cope with the anxiety of being away from home. Conclusion What Joshua has experienced demonstrates the constant change of the value of language resources as he shifts between places in migration. This relative value of one’s linguistic resources is largely due to cultural and socioeconomic factors that have shaped the community to place emphasis on certain languages and speech styles. As such, an immigrant’s increase or decrease language repertoire is largely affected by the placed importance of certain languages within their host communities. In conclusion, this paper has asserts that language mobility is profoundly affected by the changing values of linguistic resources which vary from place to place, especially when there is a shift of resources from the periphery to the core of the world system. Whether one participates in a wide number of communities or chooses to focus their efforts in a single community depends on a change in one’s use of his language repertoire. References 0. Blommaert, J. (2003). Commentary: A Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7/4, 2003: 607-623 0. Crystal, D. (1990). A Liturgical Language in a Sociolinguistic Perspective. In D. & R. C. D. Jasper (eds),Language and the worship of the church (Basingstoke: Macmillan), 120-46 0. Laitin D. D. (1989). Language Policy and Political Strategy in India. Policy Sciences, Vol. 22, No. 3/4, Policymaking in Developing Countries (1989), pp. 415-436 0. Welch F. (1970). ‘’Education in Production’, Journal of Political Economy, 78 (1), January/February, 35-59.

Technology as a Replacement of Human Resources

Group-4 Technology as a replacement of human resources Muhammad bilal khan Uob # 11029363 Year ‘’0’’ 2 Contents: 1. 2. 3. Complete essay on â€Å"technology as a replacement of human recourses† (from page 3 to page5) Reference list on (page 6) Bibliography list on (page 6) 3 Technology as a replacement of human recourses Yes. Technology replaces human resources in every field of life. Before going into the details let’s understand ourselves that what is technology? And what are human recourses? According to the Wikipedia, Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures (1). That explains the term technology comprehensively. If we look at the human resources then Wikipedia again define these as, Human resources is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or even whole nations. Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals (2). so this is the all story as for as terms are concerned. Now it’s better to go into the details. That how the technology is going to replace human resources. There are many fields under the huge influence of technology including mining, astronomy, military, robotics, shipping, agriculture, medical diagnosis, computer industry, education, transportation and many other fields. We will go into the details one by one extracting their background into the envelope of future prospective by considering the ground situation of the day as well. Mining is a field where now technology replacing human recourses pretty well. In past mining was carried out by human recourses only and the process contain much danger and require huge amount of money with a lot of time. But now with invention of different machines the scenario is completely changed. Mining is now a game of least danger. More profitable and time saving process. That indicates how technologies replace human recourses in mining. Astronomy is another field where technology dominates over human resources. By definition Astronomy is a natural science that deals with the study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as the cosmic background radiation). It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the universe. Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences (3). In past people have no idea that what’s coming on next. Now by the invention of latest telescopes predictions are possible that benefits people a lot. e. g weather forecast prediction etc. In military prospective technology replace human recourses wonderfully. Now winning of a war is a second’s game with least damage. Modern weapons are introduced with 4 greater orientation of results. Invention of atomic bomb even changes the whole psychic of the war. Now the side with latest technology dominates over a side with numberless human recourses. The area where saying â€Å"technology as a replacement of human recourses† is fit perfectly is robotics. Robotics leading almost every branch of our life. Now you don’t care of anything if you have your own personal robot. It can do anything for you. Shipping and transportation are very commonly known fields. People use different ways of Transportation to move from one place to another. And shipping is also use to transfer things or masses across the globe. In old times people had no more options in this respect but now they have. Actually all this is due to technology that replace human recourses on continuous basis. Agriculture is an area that holds greatest human resources. But right now with the invention of modern technologies and in fact machineries like tractors, harvester, Beet harvester, harvester Carrot bin, Combine Conveyor and Corn Cotton pin (4-a) this field completely revolutionized. Now farmers getting benefitted by using modern machineries saving their time, investment and getting more profit. That put positive impact on their lifestyle as well. Another sub area of our lives is health. In past people suffering from different diseases had least options of their survival because of poor arrangements. But now with the arrival of modern techniques and instruments, technology not only replaces but in fact revolutionized the field of health sciences. By using latest techniques and instruments doctors understand the situation of the patients accurately. Here technology enhanced the expertise of human recourses. As everyone knows computers are all about the technology. From a microchip to a macro level hardware all is technology. With the arrival of computers, things changed in a fantastic way. Calculations, which were take hours and hours, now contracted in an interval of nano second. Computer software industry, also contributed in this respect. Software creates much ease for human beings. And their online availability makes them more attractive. People use e–mails for formal and informal contact. Instead of using letter with boring wait Finally the Education. Technology has a wide scope in education. Now a days almost every student aware of technology as a replacement of human recourses. We have a smart example in this respect where human recourses replaced by technology. According to an educational informational sit news. com. au, â€Å"Almost 30 robots have started teaching English to youngsters in a South Korean city† (5). This is a great development towards replacing human recourses by technology. Finally I have to say that technology in spite of its minor side effects yet it never disappoints us as a replacement of human resources. Let’s hope for the best. So many things are being invented in all the fields of our daily life and the jour ney is still going on†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 References and bibliography list list These are some of the web links which are used as reference in the essay (in the form of material) (1)_ http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Technology#Definition_and_usage (2)_ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_resources (3)_ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Astronomy (4)_http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery (4-a)_lesson# 109 â€Å"simple and complex machines used in agriculture† Authors: Tonja Cargill Pamela Emery (5)_ http://www. news. com. au/technology/english-teachers-replaced-by-robots-in-koreainstitute-of-science-of-technology-project/story-e6frfrnr-1225977348809 ?—————————————————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€-? Technology as a Replacement of Human Resources Group-4 Technology as a replacement of human resources Muhammad bilal khan Uob # 11029363 Year ‘’0’’ 2 Contents: 1. 2. 3. Complete essay on â€Å"technology as a replacement of human recourses† (from page 3 to page5) Reference list on (page 6) Bibliography list on (page 6) 3 Technology as a replacement of human recourses Yes. Technology replaces human resources in every field of life. Before going into the details let’s understand ourselves that what is technology? And what are human recourses? According to the Wikipedia, Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures (1). That explains the term technology comprehensively. If we look at the human resources then Wikipedia again define these as, Human resources is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or even whole nations. Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals (2). so this is the all story as for as terms are concerned. Now it’s better to go into the details. That how the technology is going to replace human resources. There are many fields under the huge influence of technology including mining, astronomy, military, robotics, shipping, agriculture, medical diagnosis, computer industry, education, transportation and many other fields. We will go into the details one by one extracting their background into the envelope of future prospective by considering the ground situation of the day as well. Mining is a field where now technology replacing human recourses pretty well. In past mining was carried out by human recourses only and the process contain much danger and require huge amount of money with a lot of time. But now with invention of different machines the scenario is completely changed. Mining is now a game of least danger. More profitable and time saving process. That indicates how technologies replace human recourses in mining. Astronomy is another field where technology dominates over human resources. By definition Astronomy is a natural science that deals with the study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as the cosmic background radiation). It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the universe. Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences (3). In past people have no idea that what’s coming on next. Now by the invention of latest telescopes predictions are possible that benefits people a lot. e. g weather forecast prediction etc. In military prospective technology replace human recourses wonderfully. Now winning of a war is a second’s game with least damage. Modern weapons are introduced with 4 greater orientation of results. Invention of atomic bomb even changes the whole psychic of the war. Now the side with latest technology dominates over a side with numberless human recourses. The area where saying â€Å"technology as a replacement of human recourses† is fit perfectly is robotics. Robotics leading almost every branch of our life. Now you don’t care of anything if you have your own personal robot. It can do anything for you. Shipping and transportation are very commonly known fields. People use different ways of Transportation to move from one place to another. And shipping is also use to transfer things or masses across the globe. In old times people had no more options in this respect but now they have. Actually all this is due to technology that replace human recourses on continuous basis. Agriculture is an area that holds greatest human resources. But right now with the invention of modern technologies and in fact machineries like tractors, harvester, Beet harvester, harvester Carrot bin, Combine Conveyor and Corn Cotton pin (4-a) this field completely revolutionized. Now farmers getting benefitted by using modern machineries saving their time, investment and getting more profit. That put positive impact on their lifestyle as well. Another sub area of our lives is health. In past people suffering from different diseases had least options of their survival because of poor arrangements. But now with the arrival of modern techniques and instruments, technology not only replaces but in fact revolutionized the field of health sciences. By using latest techniques and instruments doctors understand the situation of the patients accurately. Here technology enhanced the expertise of human recourses. As everyone knows computers are all about the technology. From a microchip to a macro level hardware all is technology. With the arrival of computers, things changed in a fantastic way. Calculations, which were take hours and hours, now contracted in an interval of nano second. Computer software industry, also contributed in this respect. Software creates much ease for human beings. And their online availability makes them more attractive. People use e–mails for formal and informal contact. Instead of using letter with boring wait Finally the Education. Technology has a wide scope in education. Now a days almost every student aware of technology as a replacement of human recourses. We have a smart example in this respect where human recourses replaced by technology. According to an educational informational sit news. com. au, â€Å"Almost 30 robots have started teaching English to youngsters in a South Korean city† (5). This is a great development towards replacing human recourses by technology. Finally I have to say that technology in spite of its minor side effects yet it never disappoints us as a replacement of human resources. Let’s hope for the best. So many things are being invented in all the fields of our daily life and the jour ney is still going on†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 References and bibliography list list These are some of the web links which are used as reference in the essay (in the form of material) (1)_ http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Technology#Definition_and_usage (2)_ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_resources (3)_ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Astronomy (4)_http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery (4-a)_lesson# 109 â€Å"simple and complex machines used in agriculture† Authors: Tonja Cargill Pamela Emery (5)_ http://www. news. com. au/technology/english-teachers-replaced-by-robots-in-koreainstitute-of-science-of-technology-project/story-e6frfrnr-1225977348809 ?—————————————————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€-?