Mortuary And Anatomical Pathology Health And Social Care Essay

Mortuary And Anatomical Pathology Health And Social Care Essay The Mortuary and Anatomic Pathology unit forms part of the Pathology Department. It is linked to the Mater Dei Hospital complex via an underground service corridor through which bodies will be transported in a more dignified manner. It is also situated in an isolated part of the Mater Dei complex in order to allow for a more dignified preparation of our dear departed in the quieter part of the Hospital. The mortuary offers various other services which include: Receiving bodies from the Hospital and other institutions and sources such as the community. Preparing bodies for their funeral rites. In the mortuary, besides there being a room for preparation of bodies of people who believed in the Roman Catholic faith, there is also a room saved for preparation of bodies for people who believed in other religions and have different religious rites with regard to preparation of the dead The mortuary offers an autopsy service for the various Hospitals that require a post mortem examination. The mortuary at Mater Dei is also equipped to cater for forensic post mortem studies. In order to provide these services, the mortuary contains many facilities and machines. These facilities and machines include a cold storage, body fridges, a post mortem area and a laboratory, an embalming room and a body preparation room. Viewing rooms are also present to enable relatives and friends to pay their last respects to the departed in a more private atmosphere. There is also a Mortuary Chapel where relatives and friends can find time for moments of silence and reflection and participate in the final prayers recited just before the body is transferred to an awaiting hearse for its last voyage to the cemetery. Duties of the Scientist at the Mortuary The main duties of the scientist at the mortuary and anatomic pathology unit are the administration and management of assets and procedures available at the mortuary. These duties include: Administration: This role incorporates the logistical and scientific aspects relevant to a modern Mortuary and Anatomic pathology unit. This role also includes rendering a service to clients so it is imperative that good customer service is offered. All release forms, death certificates, general morgue forms and client information has to be documented and filed properly by the administrative staff. Post mortem examinations, which can be ordered either by the Consultant within the state Hospitals in what is known as a hospital post mortem or by the Magistrate on duty if the person died under suspicious circumstances. In this case a forensic post mortem is used. The autopsy is also essential in determining the cause of death of investigated individuals. Histology. The samples obtained from the body during the autopsy must be subjected to histopathological investigation. The samples obtained from the body during the autopsy receive the same treatment as those obtained from a living patient in an operating theatre. Other procedures such as Health and safety, procurement of specimens, chain of custody, documentation and many more procedures. The Relevance of a Post Mortem Examination. A post mortem examination is a careful examination of the departed individual. It can offer valuable clues as to how the person died as well as information regarding the illness and its effects on the body. It may also give a more precise indication with regard to how the individual died. Sometimes, even the best and most detailed post mortem examinations may not uncover the cause of death and may also leave certain questions unanswered. These investigations are usually carried out by a pathologist. A pathologist is a person who specialises in the laboratory study of disease and of diseased tissue. The pathologist is assisted by a scientist with specialist training in this particular field. Post mortems are carried out in special facilities located in the Hospital Mortuary. Post mortem examinations are a benefit to the medical profession as they provide information regarding health and illness that would not be discovered anywhere else. These examinations paved the way for both anatomical discoveries and new information regarding illnesses. Post mortem examinations help identify the cause of death of an individual, confirm the nature of the illness and also the extent of the disease and are capable of identifying other undiagnosed conditions. Another use of post mortem examinations is to assess the effects of treatments and drugs and help identify complications or side effects. A post mortem is a valuable tool for loved ones as it helps them understand why the individual died. Families can occasionally ask questions that can only be answered by information acquired from a post mortem. Some of the information obtained from a post mortem examination can benefit future children in the family and patients who suffer from similar illnesses. (Post mortem exam ination à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ information for relatives, 2007). Steps Taken to Maintain Health and Safety Standards in the Mortuary The Mortuary presents a number of health and safety risks for personnel. These risks include both health related, accidents due to working conditions and risks specific to working with human remains. These remains are a serious biohazard and are host to various pathogens and hazardous residues such as bacteria, infectious spores, infectious soft tissue and residues of military and industrial chemicals. These pathogens can be transmitted either by hand to mouth contact, contact with mucus membranes, or via the air in the autopsy room or body fluids such as blood. Additional risks to transmission of pathogens include the handling of heavy bodies and using unsanitary and unsafe equipment. The Mortuary in the Mater Dei Hospital is split into two main areas, a clean area and a dirty area. These areas are separated by a transitional zone. The dirty areas include body stores at a temperature of 4 °C. It has easy to clean, non-porous surfaces and a system of containment for any body fluids. On the other hand, the clean area consists of the viewing rooms, the chapel, offices and reception areas. It also has proper ambient climate controls to remove odours and vapours and is mainly where clean equipment is stored. Bodies, equipment and people working in these separate areas must never come into contact with one another whilst working. Also, a body should never go into the dry area before it has been properly cleaned and any soft tissue found is removed. Once the soft tissue is removed it is placed in a freezer. The rest of the human remains are then stored in a separate freezing area. It is essential that all employees working at the Mater Dei Hospital mortuary wear personal protective equipment (PPE), which is designed to help protect the scientist from serious health and safety dangers. This equipment is found in the clean transitional area located in front of the autopsy room, to enable scientists to change into their safety equipment before entering. PPE worn by a scientist in the autopsy room of the mortuary include: Overalls/scrubs (washable or disposable). It is imperative that this particular equipment be worn every day to protect the skin from any debris and body fluid which may cause infection. Latex/nitrile gloves. Nitrile gloves are used by scientists who are allergic to latex and must be worn when handling bodies or body fluids. Double gloving is the procedure Facemask. It is usually found as a visor. This is worn when cleaning bodies, clothing and artefacts and has to be regularly cleaned by the scientist using it. It prevents infection by protecting the face from splash back of body fluids. Safety goggles/glasses. These are worn to prevent any debris from coming into contact with the eye, which could lead to a potentially serious injury and possibly infection. Mortuary shoes/wellington boots. These are non-slip boots similar to those used in surgeries. They are waterproof and prevent entry of fluids. Aprons. All surgical equipment used must be sanitised and autoclaved properly after every use and has to be stored in a safe and secure cupboard when it is not being utilized. The most dangerous tool, the autopsy saw, can only be used by experienced personnel. Hands and exposed skin must be washed after the autopsy to remove any debris or body fluids of the dead individual as these may cause infections. It is also important not to touch bare skin while wearing gloves. The scientist working in the autopsy room must not touch his or her eyes, mouth or nose to prevent spread of any blood borne infections. Beyond the changing area there is also a shower which scientists can use after handling body samples. The autopsy and dissection tables are made up of stainless steel and are connected to a supply of low pressure water. This water is treated with chlorine to remove any infectious agents and is then discharged into the normal sewage system. A High Energy Particulate Air (HEPA) filter can also b e found in the autopsy room to trap any viruses or airborne bacteria from exiting the facilities and circulating into the outside air. It is essential that outside clothing not be worn in the mortuary. Extra PPE should be worn in specific areas such as the biohazard room for extra protection and when samples are being taken for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis. Finally, the mortuary is cleaned thoroughly and disinfected every night. Working in the mortuary poses a serious health risk to scientists. Some of these potential risks include working in too hot or too cold conditions, bacterial related sickness, body fluid or tissue related sickness, lifting injuries and stress related sickness. That is why it is ensured that vaccinations for certain diseases such as tetanus, Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B ,Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Diphtheria and Rabies be accounted for in every scientist working in the autopsy room. It is essential that every new employee undergoes a health and safety briefing and that risk assessments be carried out every time a new body arrives. The mortuary staff must be briefed on the new risks found. A first aid kit has to be present along with someone who knows how to give first aid. Anyone entering the mortuary has to follow general health and safety practices. Fragmentary bone may be sharp and bodies can be heavy, therefore the staff must undergo manual handling training.

What Is An American? :: essays research papers

What was an American?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Western Europeans came to America to start new lives, with new laws, a new social system but all in all to become new men. In contrast African emigrants were brought to America to tend to the needs of the settlers from Europe. They were brought over to be slaves. Each of these views are views of St Jean de Crevecoeur and Fredrick Douglass.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  St Jean de Crevecoeur, was an emigrant of Europe. Crevecoeur, had no desire to go back to the land in which his forefathers had lived. He was going to a more diverse way of living â€Å"where all races melted into new race of man.† (pg 308) He believed America was a place to go to be a free man, â€Å"who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, that he receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he hold.†(pg 308) Crevecoeur knew that his life as a new man would entail new ideas and new opinions. Hoping that the new laws protect him, â€Å"from involuntary idleness, servile dependence, penury and useless labor, he has passed to tolls of very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence.† (pg 308) Crevecoeur lived the life of a free man in which he was paid for his labors, he owned land and was a farmer. His view of an American, â€Å"is a new man, who acts upo n new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions.† (pg 308)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fredrick Douglass, was an African American and owned by an American. He was taken care of in his early years by his grandmother and grandfather. Slave children were children they could play and do what most children would do. The only fear as a child was being seperated from his grandmother. Throughout, Douglass’s life he taught himself to read and to write. He became a knowledgeable man, which help him to succeed in being a free. However, Douglass did go through the trials and tribulations of being a slave. He went through the sleepless and hungry nights, and lashings. â€Å"Make a man a slave, and you rob him of moral responsibility.† (pg 191) When Douglass describes America he describes the beauties of nature and then the horrors of being a slave. â€Å"When I remembeer that all is cursed with the infernal spirit of slaveholding, robbery and wrong.

Future of the US Healthcare System and the Effects on the Practice of Hand Surgery.

The authors of the report stated in the paper that no commercial party will benefit from the results of the report. This gives the reader an idea that the results of the report are unbiased and are not for the benefit on one party alone. Although the entirety of the paper is straightforward with regards to the current status of the healthcare system in the country, the suggested solutions were still broad and indefinite. Current problems in the healthcare system in the United States were examined in the recent report.Possible solutions to the identified problems were proposed as to also address the pressing need to have equal access to proper and quality healthcare. Sixteen percent (16%) of USA's GDP is allotted for healthcare expenditures, unfortunately this is not directly related to quality and equality of access in comparison with other countries. With this regard, many proposals were made to improve the system. In addition, healthcare professionals believe that hand surgery has a lot to offer in providing answers to the identified problems.The history of the healthcare system was also presented to give a background on the system. The system of having a universal system was initiated by President Roosevelt in the 1930s, which evolved from a primarily nonprofit system to one that recognized the great opportunity for profit. Through the years, there was an exponential increase in healthcare costs attributed to ‘defensive medicine' and advancing diagnostic and pharmaceutical technology. With these problems, the authors of the report advise that the future of health care system in the USA may be leaning towards a more cost-effective system.Policy makers would like to take advantage of existing programs such as Medicaid or Medicare to expand the coverage of healthcare. It is foreseen that either (a) private insurance companies will no longer be on business and the government will be the one responsible for health care distribution for all or (b) private co mpanies will remain to be existent to give the public the choice on which health care provider they prefer. After reading the article, one is still left questioning what really is next for the health care system in the country.The undesirable reality has already been exposed and most people already know the disadvantages of the current system. The proposed new system of abolishing the private insurance companies to make way for the government to handle health care is a little too unrealistic. The country is being ran by the capitalists and removing these big companies will cost the country jobs and millions of dollars of losses. The author also had some points that campaigning and pushing through with the slogan â€Å"healthcare for all† is impossible.I personally think that this statement is untrue since a lot of nations have already implemented this as in the case of England and Cuba. Overall, the report is comprehensive and informative enough to be read and evaluated by pr oper authorities. They can review this and provide considerations for future policies to address the problems and improve on the existing healthcare system. Pushman, A. G. & K. C. Chung. â€Å"Future of the US Healthcare System and the Effects on the Practice of Hand Surgery. † American Association for Hand Surgery 2009 4:99-107.

12 Types of Questions in Casablanca

To illustrate the various ways that questions can be framed in English, here are 12 memorable exchanges from the classic film Casablanca. In Casablanca, at the beginning of the flashback scene in Paris, Humphrey Bogart pops open a bottle of champagne and then immediately pops a few questions to Ingrid Bergman: Rick: Who are you really? And what were you before? What did you do and what did you think? Huh?Ilsa: We said no questions. Despite that pledge, the dialogue in Casablanca is full of questions — some of them answered, many of them not. With apologies to the screenwriters (Julius Epstein, Philip Epstein, Howard Koch, and Casey Robinson), Ive plucked 12 of these exchanges out of context to illustrate the various ways that questions can be framed in English. To learn more about any of these interrogative strategies, follow the links to our Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms. Wh- QuestionsAs the name suggests, a wh- question is one thats formed with an interrogative word (what, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, or how) and that allows an open-ended answer — something other than yes or no.Annina: Msieur Rick, what kind of man is Captain Renault?Rick: Oh, hes just like any other man, only more so.Annina: No, I mean, is he trustworthy? Is his word . . .Rick: Now, just a minute. Who told you to ask me that?Annina: He did. Captain Renault did.Rick: I thought so. Wheres your husband?Annina: At the roulette table, trying to win enough for our exit visa. Of course, hes losing.Rick: How long have you been married?Annina: Eight weeks. . . .Yes-No QuestionsAnother aptly named interrogative construction, the yes-no question invites the listener to choose between only two possible answers.Laszlo: Ilsa, I . . .Ilsa: Yes?Laszlo: When I was in the concentration camp, were you lonely in Paris?Ilsa: Yes, Victor, I was.Laszlo: I know how it is to be lonely. Is there anything you wish to tell me?Ilsa: No, Victor, there isnt.Declarative QuestionsAs Rick demonstrates, a declarative question is a yes-no question that has the form of a declarative sentence but is spoken with rising intonation at the end.Ilsa: Richard, I had to see you.Rick: You use Richard again? Were back in Paris.Ilsa: Please.Rick: Your unexpected visit isnt connected by any chance with the letters of transit? It seems as long as I have those letters Ill never be lonely.Tag QuestionsA tag question (like Ricks wouldnt it?) is a question thats added to a declarative sentence, usually at the end, to engage the listener, verify that something has been understood, or confirm that an action has taken place.Rick: Louis, Ill make a deal with you. Instead of this petty charge you have against him, you can get something really big, something that would chuck him in a concentration camp for years. That would be quite a feather in your cap, wouldnt it?Renault: It certainly would. Ger many . . . Vichy would be grateful.Alternative QuestionsAn alternative question (which typically ends with a falling intonation) offers the listener a closed choice between two answers.Ilsa: After Major Strassers warning tonight, I am frightened.Laszlo: To tell you the truth, I am frightened, too. Shall I remain here in our hotel room hiding, or shall I carry on the best I can?Ilsa: Whatever Id say, youd carry on.Echo QuestionsAn echo question (such as Ilsas Occupied France?) is a type of direct question that repeats part or all of something which someone else has just said.Ilsa: This morning you implied that it was not safe for him to leave Casablanca.Strasser: That is also true, except for one destination, to return to occupied France.Ilsa: Occupied France?Strasser: Uh huh. Under a safe conduct from me.Embedded QuestionsTypically introduced by a phrase such as Could you tell me . . ., Do you know . . ., or (as in this example) I wonder . . ., an embedded question is a question tha t shows up inside a declarative statement or another question.Laszlo: Msieur Blaine, I wonder if I could talk to you?Rick: Go ahead.WhimperativesA blend of whimper and imperative, the term whimperative refers to the conversational convention of casting an imperative statement in question form to convey a request without causing offense.Ilsa: Will you ask the piano player to come over here, please?Waiter: Very well, Mademoiselle.Leading QuestionsIn courtroom dramas, attorneys usually object if the opposing counsel asks a leading question-- a question that contains (or at least implies) its own answer. In this example, Laszlo is actually interpreting Ricks motives, not questioning them.Laszlo: Isnt it strange that you always happened to be fighting on the side of the underdog?Rick: Yes. I found that a very expensive hobby.HypophoraHere, both Rick and Laszlo employ the rhetorical strategy of hypophora, by which a speaker raises a question and then immediately answers it himself.Laszlo: If we stop fighting our enemies, the world will die.Rick: What of it? Then itll be out of its misery.Laszlo: You know how you sound, Msieur Blaine? Like a man whos trying to convince himself of something he doesnt believe in his heart. Each of us has a destiny, for good or for evil.Rhetorical QuestionsA rhetorical question is one thats asked merely for effect with no answer expected. Presumably the answer is obvious.Ilsa: I know how you feel about me, but Im asking you to put your feelings aside for something more important.Rick: Do I have to hear again what a great man your husband is? What an important cause hes fighting for?Commoration In an effort to shake Rick out of his grim mood, Sam employs another rhetorical strategy, emphasizing an idea (in this case, a whimperative) by repeating it several times in different ways. Sam: Boss. Boss! Rick: Yeah? Sam: Boss, aint you going to bed? Rick: Not right now. Sam: Aint you planning on going to bed in the near future? Rick: No. Sam: You ever going to bed? Rick: No. Sam: Well, I aint sleepy either. At this point, if we were in class, I might ask if anyone had any questions. But Ive learned a lesson from Captain Renault: Serves me right for asking a direct question. The subject is closed. Heres looking at you, kids.